フチ ヘンネ モコル
Huci henne mokor.
Grandmother doesn't sleep.
タパンペ シタ ヘンネ ネ。
Tapanpe sita henne ne.
This is not a dog.
Ainu word of negation is henne, whether it is not or it does not. Henne comes before the verb it negates. It does not affect the pronominal affixes, and they must be present in the verb in negation as well. The above two sentences show no affixes as the third person is marked by the absence of the affix. The pronominal affixes will be present in the first and second person, such as henne ku=oman (I don’t come) and henne e=nukar (you don’t see).
Henne may be used in a manner similar to English un (as in undo) or im/in (as in impossible). Henne pirka would mean something is not good.
1) My father is not having a meal.
2) You are not a man.
1) クコル アチャ ヘンネ イペ Ku=kor aca henne ipe.
2) エアニ アナク オッカイ ヘンネ エネ Eani anak okay henne e=ne.
イペ | Ipe | To have, eat a meal |
ク | Ku= | I |
アチャ | Aca | Father |
ヘンネ | Henne | Negation |
コル | Kor | To have, hold |
エ | E= | You |
ネ | Ne | Copula |
エアニ | Eani | You |
アナク | Anak | Topic marker |
オッカイ | Okkay | Man, male |
シタ | Sita | Dog |
タパンペ | Tapanpe | This |
フチ | Huci | Grandmother |
モコル | Mokor | To sleep |
タパン ケル アナク クケリヒ ネ。
Tapan ker anak ku=kerihi ne.
These shoes are my shoes.
エナエフ ソンノ ピリカ。
E=nanuhu sonno pirka.
Your face is very beautiful.
The word ker in the first sentence means a pair of shoes in its base form, and kerihi is the genitive form of it. The shoes and other cloth items attached immediately on the body is considered to be inalienable, so it takes the pronominal suffixes ku= or e=, and either ker or kerihi is permissible in the third person, which takes no pronominal suffix. (unarpe ker/kerihi, "aunt’s shoes") Notice that Ainu genitive applies to the item which is possessed, not the possessor.
Not all Ainu nouns have this genitive forms. The nouns which have genitive parts include body parts, clothing, animals, plants and tools. Nichihi in makiri nicihi "grip of a small blade" is the genitive of nit, "grip", and nanuhu in the second sentence above is "face of", whose base form is nan.
More examples:
Nominal | Genitive | ||||
キサル | Kisar | Ear | キサラ, キサラハ | Kisara, Kisaraha | Ear of… |
アサム | Asam | Bottom | アサマ、アサマハ | Asama, Asamaha | Bottom of… |
エトプ | Etop | Hair | エトピ、エトピヒ | Etopi, Etopihi | Hair of… |
シク | Sik | Eye | シキ、シキヒ | Siki, Sikihi | Eye of… |
レク | Rek | Beard | レキ、レキヒ | Reki, Rekihi | Beard of… |
ピリ | Pir | Wound | ピリ、ピリヒ | Piri, Pirihi | Wound of… |
クル | Kur | Shadow | クリ、クリヒ | Kuri, Kurihi | Shadow of… |
フム | Hum | Sound | フミ、フミヒ | Humi, Humihi | Sound of… |
マッ | Mat | Wife | マツ、マツヒ | Matu, Matuhi | Wife of… |
ナン | Nan | Face | ナヌ、ナヌフ | Nanu, Nanuhu | Face of… |
ラプ | Rap | Leaf | ラプ、ラプフ | Rapu, Rapuhu | Leaf of… |
カプ | Kap | Hand | カプ、カプフ | Kapu, Kapuhu | Hand of… |
ハム | Ham | Voice | ハム、ハムフ | Hamu, Hamuhu | Voice of… |
テク | Tek | Hand | テケ、テケヘ | Teke, Tekehe | Hand of… |
ハウ | Haw | Voice | ハウェ、ハウェヘ | Hawe, Hawehe | Voice of… |
アタイ | Atai | Price | アタイェ、アタイェヘ | Ataye, Atayehe | Price of… |
チャル | Car | Mouth | チャロ、チャロホ | Caro, Caroho | Mouth of… |
オソル | Osor | Hip | オソロ、オソロホ | Osoro, Osoroho | Hip of… |
1) Your eyes are small.
2) My legs are slim.
1) エシキヒ ポン E=sikihi pon.
2) クチキリヒ ソンノ アネ Ku=cikirihi sonno ane.
シキヒ | Sikihi | Eye of… |
エ | E= | You |
ポン | Pon | Small |
アネ | Ane | Slim, narrow |
チキリヒ | Cikirihi | Leg of… |
ソンノ | Sonno | Very, truly |
ク | Ku= | I |
アナク | Anak | Topic marker |
ケリヒ | Kerihi | Shoes of… |
ケル | Ker | Shoes |
タパン | Tapan | This |
ナヌフ | Nanuhu | Face of… |
ネ | Ne | Copula |
ピリカ | Pirka | Beautiful, good |
クコル アチャポ エトゥフ ポロ。
Ku=kor acapo etuhu poro.
My uncle's nose is big.
クマッネポ エトピ フレ。
Ku=matnepo etopi hure.
My daugter's hair is red.
Etuhu in the ` of etu, meaning "nose of…" Certain nouns such as body parts can be possessed without being in genitive as well, so e=etu and e=etuhu are both acceptable. This applies to family members as well, so matnepo in the second sentence becomes either ku=matnepo or ku=matnepoho.
Nominal | Genitive | English | ||
フラ | Hura | フラ、フラハ | Hura, Huraha | Smell |
ケラ | Kera | ケラ、ケラハ | Kera, Keraha | Taste |
トゥサ | Etu | トゥサ、トゥサハ | Tusa, Tusaha | Sleeve |
パ | Pa | パ、パハ | Pa, Paha | Year |
チンキ | Cinki | チンキ、チンキヒ | Cinki, Cinkihi | Lower end of a clothing |
ホク | Hok | ホク、ホクフ | Hok, Hokuhu | Husband |
エトゥ | Etu | エトゥ、エトゥフ | Etu, Etuhu | Nose |
チセ | Cise | チセ、チセヘ | Cise, Cisehe | House, home |
パケ | Pake | パケ、パケヘ | Pake, Pakehe | Head |
レ | Re | レ、レヘ | Re, Rehe | Name |
ポ | Po | ポ、ポホ | Po, Poho | Child, son |
マッネポ | Matnepo | マッネポ、マッネポホ | Matnepo, Matnepoho | Daughter |
ミッポ | Mitpo | ミッポ、ミッポホ | Mitpo, Mitpoho | Grandchild |
ト | To | ト、トホ | To, Toho | Day |
The genitives ending with p, t, k, s, m, r, n, y, w, or in Katakana, small ク, プ, ッ, シ, ム, リ, ル or ン, イ, ウ undergo vowel changes in genitive, as they were presented in the last lesson. The other words that end with a vowel get genitive affixes after them. ハ ha after the nouns ending with -a, ヒ hi after -i, フ hu after -u, ヘ he after -e and ホ ho after -o .
1) The smell of ramsons is strong.
2) My dog is smart. (lit. "to have a good head.")
1) プクサ アナク フラハ ルイ Puksa anak huraha ruy.
2) クコル シタ パケ ピリカ Ku=kor sita pake pirka.
アナク | Anak | Topic marker |
ルイ | Ruy | Strong |
プクサ | Pukusa | Ramsons |
フラハ | Huraha | Smell of… |
ク | Ku | I |
ピリカ | Pirka | Good, beautiful |
パケ | Pake | Head |
シタ | Sita | Dog |
コロ | Kor | To have, hold |
アチャポ | Acapo | Uncle |
エトゥフ | Etohu | Nose of… |
エトピ | Etopi | Hair of… |
フレ | Hure | Red |
ポロ | Poro | Big |
マッネポ | Matnepo | Daughter |
Ainu nominalizers pe and p are attached at the end of the word to make nouns. They roughly correspond to the English affixes like –ness (after noun), -ing (after verb), -ity (after adjective or adverb), -er (after person), etc. Ainu nominalizers are more general, it could also be used to create a place name "place where … occurs."
Pe is used after words that end with a small Katakana, or p, t, k, s, m, r, n, y or w in Roman Ainu. (Or, anything else than a, e, i, o, u.)
Examples:
イタクペ | Itakpe | Thing which speaks |
アプカシペ | Apkaspe | Thing which walks |
イサムペ | Isampe | Thing which doesn’t exist |
レタルペ | Retarpe | Thing which is white |
ポンペ | Ponpe | Thing which is small |
オカイペ | Okaype | Things which are |
P is used after the words that end with a big Katakana (including イェ or ウォ) or a, e, i, o, u in Roman Ainu.
シニプ | Sinip | Thing which rests |
ピリカプ | Pirikap | Thing which is good |
テルケプ | Terkep | Thing which jumps |
リムセプ | Rimsep | Thing which dances |
ワッカクプ | Wakkakup | Thing which drinks water |
クイェプ | Ku=yep | "I", "whom I call myself" |
1) There are lots of tasty things.
2) This obon is a thing that my uncle carved.
1) ケラアン ペ ポロンノ オカイ Keraan pe poronno okay.
2) タパン イタ アナク アチャポ ヌイエプ ネ Tapan ita anak acapo nuyep ne.
ポロンノ | Poronno | A lot, much, many |
ケラアン | Keraan | Tasty |
オカイ | Okay | To be (pl.) |
アチャポ | Acapo | Uncle |
タパン | Tapan | This |
ヌイェ | Nuye | To carve |
イタ | Ita | Obon (Lanton Festival) |
アナク | Anak | Topic marker |
イェ | Ye | To call |
エ | E= | You |
ク | Ku= | I |
自転車(ジテンシャ) | Zitensha | Bicycle |
タパン | Tapan | This |
ネ | Ne | Copula |
ピリカ | Pirka | Good, beautiful, right |
プ | P | Nominalizer |
ペ | Pe | Nominalizer |
ホク | Hok | To buy |
エチミナ。
Eci=mina.
You laugh. (pl.)
チェプコイキクル エチネ。
Cepkoykikur eci=ne.
You are fishers. (pl.)
Eci= is the second person plural pronominal suffix. Like all pronominal affixes, eci= can never occur independently.
You are eating meat. (pl.)
× エチ カム エ。 Eci kam e.
○ カム エチエ。 Kam eci=e.
Eci= is also used to denote the genitive relationships, that something belongs to "those of you."
エチテケ/エチテケヘ
eci=teke / eci=tekehe "your hands"
エチケリ/エチケリヒ
eci=ker / eci=kerihi "your shoes"
エチケウトゥム/エチケウトゥムフ
eci=keutum / eci=keutumhu "your hearts"
1) You (pl.) walk a lot.
2) I see your heads.
1) ポロンノ エチアプカシ Poronno eci=apkas.
2) エチナヌフ クヌカル Eci=nanuhu ku=nukar.
アプカシ | Apkas | To walk |
ポロンノ | Poronno | A lot, many, much |
エチ | Eci | You (pl.) |
ヌカル | Nukar | To see |
ク | Ku | I |
ナヌフ | Nanuhu | Head of… |
チェプコイキクル | Cepkoykikur | Fisher |
ネ | Ne | Copula |
ミナ | Mina | To laugh |
This is the end of part six. You can continue with part VII of this course.
Thanks for your interest in this course! If you discovered any mistakes or you just want to say something then please let us know . We do need feedback!