エチオカイ フランス エン エチパイェ。
Eciokay France en eci=paye.
You go to France.
エチオカイ アナクネ アタイコル ステーキ エチエ。
Eciokay anakne ataykor steak eci=e.
You eat expensive steaks.
Eciokay is the second person plural independent pronoun. Its usage is analogous to eani, second person singular. The pronominal affix eci= must be retained when eciokay is used.
Examples:
"You go to France" (pl.)
× エチオカイ フランス エン パイェ。 Eciokay France en paye.
○ エチオカイ フランス エン エチパイェ。 Eciokay France en eci=paye.
You eat expensive steaks. (pl.)
× エチオカイ アナクネ アタイコル ステーキ エ。 Eciokay anakne ataykor steak e.
○ エチオカイ アナクネ アタイコル ステーキ エチエ。 Eciokay anakne ataykor steak eci=e.
Note that some Ainu verbs change their forms entirely in plural, and the word for "to go" in the above example is paye instead of oman. Eci=oman* is grammatically incorrect.
1) You sleep well. (pl.)
2) You are elementary school students. (pl.)
1) エチオカイ ピリカノ エチモコル Eciokay pirkano eci=mokor.
2) エチオカイ アナク 小学生 エチネ Eciokay anak Shougakusei eci=ne.
| モコル | Mokor | To sleep |
| エチ | Eci= | You (pl.) |
| ピリカノ | Pirkano | Well (adv.) |
| エチオカイ | Eciokay | You (pl.) |
| アナク | Anak | Topic marker |
| ネ | Ne | Copula |
| 小学生（ショウガクセイ） | Shougakusei | Elementary school student |
| アタイコル | Ataykor | Expensive |
| アナクネ | Anakne | Topic marker |
| エ | E | To eat |
| エン | En | To, towards |
| ステーキ | Sute-ki | Steak |
| パイェ | Paye | To go (pl.) |
| フランス | Furansu | France |
モコルアン。
Mokor=an.
We sleep.
ヌマン イシカル エン パイェアン。
Numan Iskar en paye=an.
We went to Ishikari yesterday.
Let’s review the three pronominal affixes we’ve met so far: ku= is the first person singular, e= and eci= are the second person, singular and plural. They all acted as prefixes, but the first person plural =an acts as a suffix.
More examples:
| アルキアン | Arki=an | We come |
| シンキアン | Sinki=an | We are tired |
| リムセアン | Rimse=an | We dance |
| ハウキアン | Hauki=an | We speak |
| テルケアン | Terke=an | We jump |
| ペウレアン | Peure=an | We are young |
| オンエアン | Onne=an | We grow old |
| ポロアン | Poro=an | We are big |
| サプアン | Sap=an | We descend (down the river, etc)* |
| ラプアン | Rap=an | We descend (from somewhere high)* |
| オカイアン | Okay=an | We are, we exist* |
| ポンアン | Pon=an | We are small* |
サプアン sap=an, ラプアン rap=an, オカイアン okay=an, and ポンアン pon=an may be shortened as サパン sapan, ラパン rapan, オカヤン okayan/オカアン okaan, or ポナン ponan in speech.
Note that Ainu has no adjectives in the strict sense. Instead, Ainu has corresponding verbs for "to be such" and they act as if they were verbs: the copula "to be" is largely incorporated in them. They also mean "to become such", and you must rely on the context to figure out what exactly is meant.
Conventionally, Ainu sentences are translated into past tense unless the contextual cues tell otherwise. Not everyone agrees with this, though. Shibatani in the Ainu chapter of his book The Languages of Japan maintains this position, while Kirsten Refsing in her The Ainu Language questions this practice.
1) We take a little break.
2) We come from Shiranuka.
1) ポンノ シニアン Ponno sini=an.
2) シラリカ ワ アルキアン Sirarika wa arki=an.
| アン | =an | We |
| シニ | Sini | To rest, take a break |
| ポンノ | Ponno | A little |
| シラルカ | Sirarka | Shiranuka (pn.) |
| アルキ | Arki | To come |
| ワ | Wa | From |
| イシカル | Iskar | Ishikari (pn.) |
| エン | En | To, towards |
| ヌマン | Numan | Yesterday |
| パイェ | Paye | To go (pl.) |
ドレス アンミ。
Dress an=mi.
We wear dress.
ケシト ＣＤ アンヌ。
Kesto CD an=nu.
We listen to the CD everyday.
In the last lesson, the pronominal affix =an was attached at the end of the verb. That was when the verb was intransitive, that is to say the verb does not take a direct object. When the verb is transitive, the same affix is attached before the verb, making it an=. Example words are mi "to wear", nu "to listen to", e "to eat", kor "to have, hold", nukar "to look at" etc.
Note that "transitive" and "intransitive" mean slightly different things in English and Ainu. English defines "transitive" at a more strict sense, that is the object has to be acted upon in some way while in Ainu (and Japanese) a purely mental activity like "wanting" is sufficient enough to become transitive, because it takes an object after all.
More examples:
| アンエ | An=e | We eat |
| アンコル | An=kor | We have |
| アンネ | An=ne | We are |
| アンヌカル | An=nukar | We look at |
| アンカル | An=kar | We make |
| アンク | An=ku | We drink |
| アンヌ | An=nu | We listen to |
| アンミ | An=mi | We wear |
| アンヌイェ | An=nuye | We write |
| アンオ | An=o | We ride |
An= as a prefix is translated as "our" when attached before a noun. A noun may or may not take its genitive form in this case.
アンシキ／アンシキヒ
An=siki / An=sikihi "Our day"
アンパケ／アンパケヘ
An=pake / An=pakehe "Our head"
アンチセ／アンチセヘ
An=cise / An=cisehe "Our house"
アンマッネポ／アンマッネポホ
An=matnepo / An=matnepoho "Our daughter"
1) We eat meat.
2) We drink wine a little.
1) カム アンエ Kam an=e.
2) ポンノ ワイン アンク Ponno Wine an=ku.
| アン | An= | We |
| カム | Kam | Meat |
| エ | E | To eat |
| ク | Ku | To drink |
| ワイン | Wain | Wine |
| ポンノ | Ponno | A little |
| ケスト | Kesto | Everyday |
| ドレス | Doresu | Dress (Formal female outfit in Japanese usage) |
| ヌ | Nu | To listen to |
| ミ | Mi | To wear |
ウシケシ ワ アルキアシ。
Uskes wa arki=as.
We come from Hakodate.
ポロンノ アプカシアシ ワ シンキアシ。
Poronno apkas=as wa sinki=as.
We walked a lot and got tired.
Ainu makes a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural. Inclusive "we" includes the listener, "you and I", while exclusive "we" does not; "I and others, but not you". An in the previous two lessons are inclusive, and the exclusive takes a different affix: as. Although they both translate as "we" in English, the distinction has to be made in Ainu.
1) We have a meal together. (excl.)
2) Tomorrow we go to Osaka. (excl.)
1) ウトゥラノ イペアシ Uturano ipe=as.
2) ニサッタ 大阪 エン パイエアシ Nisatta Osaka en paye=as.
| アシ | =as | We |
| イペ | Ipe | To eat, have a meal |
| ウトゥラノ | Uturano | Together |
| パイェ | Paye | To go (pl.) |
| 大阪（オオサカ） | Osaka | Osaka (pn.) |
| ニサッタ | Nisatta | Tomorrow |
| エン | En | To, towards |
| アプカシ | Apkas | To walk |
| アルキ | Arki | To come (pl.) |
| ウシケシ | Uskes | Hakodate (pn.)* |
| シンキ | Sinki | To be tired |
| ポロンノ | Poronno | A lot, many, much |
| ワ１ | Wa | From |
| ワ２ | Wa | And |
Uskes is the indigenous name for the modern city of Hakodate(函館). Unlike many place names in Hokkaido, "Hakodate" is not derived from Ainu name. It was also known as Ushorkes or Usorkes as well.
パソコン チコル。
Pasokon ci=kor.
We have a (personal) computer.
サラリーマン ヘンネ チネ。
Salaryman henne ci=ne.
We're not the corporate employees. ("salaryman")
This lesson introduces the last form of first person plural pronoun: ci=. It is exclusive first person plural pronominal for the transitive verbs. To summarize:
| Inclusive | Exclusive | |
| Transitive | -an | ci- |
| Intransitive | -an | -as |
As you can see, -an is used for the inclusive first person plural, for both transitive and intransitive verbs, and Ainu makes a distinction between first person plural transitive ci and intransitive as in exclusive.
Examples:
チコタヌ／チコタヌフ
Ci=kotanu / ci=kotanuhu "Our village"
チケリ／チケリヒ
Ci=ker / ci=kerihi "Our shoes"
チテケ／チテケヘ
Ci=tek / ci=tekehe "Our hands"
チミッポ／チミッポホ
Ci=mitpo / ci=mitpoho "Our grandchild"
And ci is also used for "people in general", similar to French on or German man. This aspect of ci is most noticeable in compound nouns, personal and place names. For example, the word cironnup is composed of three parts: ci-ronnu-p, "what people kill" with –p being the nominalizer. This word means "fox."
More examples:
チカルカルペ cikarkarpe (Embroidered clothing)
チ・カルカル・ペ ci=karkar=pe "What people embroider"
チエイワンケプ cieyunkep (Tool)
チ・エイワンケ・プ ci=eyunke=p "What people use"
チタタプ citatap (An Ainu dish made of bashing a salmon's head)
チ・タタ・プ ci=tata=p "What people bash"
チノミシリ cinomisir (A holy land)
チ・ノミ・シリ ci=nomi=sir "Where people pray"
1) We eat fish.
2) We are young youth.
1) チェプ チエ Cep ci=e.
2) ペウレ オッカイポ チネ Pewre okkaypo ci=ne.
| エ | E | To eat |
| チェプ | Cep | Fish |
| シ | Ci= | We |
| ペウレ | Pewre | To be young |
| ネ | Ne | Copula |
| オッカイポ | Okkaypo | Youth |
| コル | Kor | To have, hold |
| サラリーマン | Sarariman | "Salaryman", a corporate employee. |
| パソコン | Pasokon | Personal computer |
| ヘンネ | Henne | Negation (Not) |
This is the end of part seven. You can continue with part VIII of this course.
Thanks for your interest in this course! If you discovered any mistakes or you just want to say something then please let us know 
. We do need feedback! 