エエク ヤクン クホシピ。
E=ek yakun ku=hosipi.
If you come, I come back.
ルヤンペ アシ ヤクン ヘンネ クオマン。
Ruyanpe as yakun henne ku=oman.
If it rains, I don't go.
Yakun is a conditional particle which is best translated as "if" in English. But unlike English, yakun is placed at the end of the conditional clause: instead of "if X, Y" the Ainu equivalent would be "X yakun, Y." The second sentence "ruyanpe as yakun henne ku=oman" may be broken down as "ruyenpe as yakun" (if rain falls) with yakun connects the conditional to the main clause "henne ku=oman" (I don't/won't go.)
The usage of yakun is strictly limited in a situation where the result "then" is determined given the condition "if" is satisfied. This means yakun will not be used in a prediction, such as "it will become warm if spring comes." Nor in a subjunctive sentence like "I wish if I were.." either, as this is a wish, not a determined action under specific conditions.
1) If snow comes, mother rides bus.
2) If father is angry, I apologize.
1) ウパシ アシ ヤクン ハポ バス オ Upas as yakun hapo Bus.
2) アチャ イルシカ ヤクン クヤウナシケ Aca iruska yakun ku=yawnaske.
| オ | O | To ride |
| ヤクン | Yakun | Conditional |
| バス | Basu | Bus |
| アシ | As | To fall |
| ハポ | Hapo | Mother |
| ウパシ | Upas | Snow |
| イルシカ | Iruska | To be angry |
| アチャ | Aca | Father |
| ヤウナシケ | Yawnaske | To apologize |
| ク | Ku= | I |
| エ | E= | You |
| エク | Ek | To come |
| オマン | Oman | To go |
| ヘンネ | Henne | Negation |
| ホシピ | Hosipi | To come back, go back |
| ルヤンペ | Ruyanpe | Rain |
ニサッタ ウパシ アシ ナンコル。
Nisatta upas as nankor.
I suppose it would snow tomorrow.
オヤパ カナダ エン パイェアン ナンコル。
Oyapa Canada en paye=an nankor.
I supposed we would go to Canada next year.
Nankor is a suppositional particle which expresses a guess or prediction about the future or current event. It may be used to express something is expected from people or things depending on the context. In Katakana it may be spelt either as ナンコル or ナンコロ, depending on the habit of the speaker.
トマコマイ エン エオマン ナンコル。
Tomakomay en e=oman nankor.
You would go to Tomakomai.
クイェ イタク エチヌ ナンコル。
Ku=ye itak eci=nu nankor.
You would listen to what I say.
1) I suppose the wind would blow strong today.
2) I suppose you would see lots of stars if you go outside.
1) タント レラ ユプケ ナンコル Tanto era yupke nankor.
2) エソイネ ヤクン ノチウ ポロンノ エヌカル ナンコル E=soyne yakun nociw poronno e=nukar nankor
| ユプケ | Yupke | To be strong |
| タント | Tanto | Today |
| レラ | Rera | Wind |
| ナンコル | Nankor | Suppositional |
| ノチウ | Nociw | Star |
| ソイネ | Soyne | To go outside |
| エ | E= | You |
| ヌカル | Nukar | To look at |
| ポロンノ | Poronno | A lot, many, much |
| ヤクン | Yakun | Conditional |
| アシ | As | To blow, to fall |
| アン | =An | We |
| ウパシ | Upas | Snow |
| エン | En | To, towards |
| オヤパ | Oyapa | Next year |
| カナダ | Kanada | Canada |
| ニサッタ | Nisatta | Tomorrow |
| パイェ | Paye | To go (pl.) |
クユポ エンキク。
Ku=yupo en=kik
My brother beat me.
クコル ハポ チョコレート エンコレ。
Ku=kor hapo chocolate en=kore.
My mother gave me chocolate.
En= is another first person pronominal affix in the objective case, while ku= is the subjective. The subject of the verb is still the agent of the action, and en is there to mark the object of the action, as something is done to "me."
1) A big dog bites me.
2) My aunt scolds me.
1) ポロ シタ エンクパパ Poro sita en=kupapa.
2) クコル フチ エンコイキ Ku=kor huci en=hoyki.
| シタ | Sita | Dog |
| クパパ | Kupapa | To bite |
| エン | En= | Me |
| ポロ | Poro | To be big |
| フチ | Huci | Aunt |
| コイルシカ | Koiruska | To scold |
| コル | Kor | To have, hold |
| ク | Ku= | I, my |
| キク | Kik | To beat |
| コレ | Kore | To give |
| チョコレート | Chokoreto | Chocolate |
| ハポ | Hapo | Mother |
| ユポ | Yupo | Brother |
ウパシ アシ コルカイ シリポプケ。
Upas as korkay sirpopke.
Snow falls, but it is warm. /It is warm though it's snowing.
タパン キムチ チャルカル コルカイ ケラアン。
Tapan kimchi carkar korkay keraan.
This kimchi is hot, but it tastes good. / This kimchi tastes good though it is hot.
Korkay is a word which connects two clauses. A korkay B is translated as "A, but B" or "B, although A." The main clause follows the subordinate clause, and this is a feature shared by both Japanese and Ainu. Depending on the dialect and habit of the speaker, korkay may be コロカイ korokay, コルカ korka or コロカ koroka.
1) I eat sherbet, although it is cold.
2) We dance, although we are tired.
1) メアン コルカイ シャーベット クエ Mean korkay Sherbet ku=e.
2) シンキアシ コルカイ リムセアシ Sinki=as korkay rimse=as.
| コルカイ | Korkay | Although |
| エ | E | To eat |
| シャーベット | Shabetto | Sherbet |
| ク | Ku= | I |
| メアン | Mean | To be cold |
| リムセ | Rimse | To dance |
| アシ１ | =as | We |
| シンキ | Sinki | Tired |
| アシ２ | As | To fall, blow |
| ウパシ | Upas | Snow |
| キムチ | Kimuchi | Kimchi |
| ケラアン | Keraan | To be tasty |
| シリポプケ | Sirpopke | To become warm |
| タパン | Tapan | This |
| チャルカル | Carkar | To be hot, spicy. |
イペアン ノ。
Ipe=an no.
Let us have a meal.
ウラカ パクノ アプカシアン ノ。
Uraka pakno apkas =an no.
Let us walk to Urakawa.
The suggestive "let us" in Ainu is expressed by the particle no attached at the end of the clause. スイ ウヌカルアン ノ suy unukar=an no is a common "good bye" expression in Ainu, literally meaning "let us meet again!"
This no may become ロ ro, ロク rok , or ナ na depending on the dialect.
| アプカシ | Apkas | To walk |
| アン | =an | We |
| イペ | Ipe | To eat, have a meal |
| ウラカ | Uraka | Urakawa (pn.) |
| ノ | No | Suggestive |
| パクノ | Pakno | Up to, even, all the way to |
This is the end of part eight. You can continue with part IX of this course.
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